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What Is a Family of Wild Turkeys Called

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Genus of large ground-feeding birds native to the Americas

Turkey

Temporal range: 23–0 Ma

PreꞒ

Ꞓ

O

S

D

C

P

T

J

K

Pg

North

Early Miocene – Contempo

Wild turkey eastern us.jpg
A wild turkey
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Galliformes
Family: Phasianidae
Subfamily: Phasianinae
Tribe: Meleagridini
Genus: Meleagris
Linnaeus, 1758
Type species
Meleagris gallopavo (wild turkey)

Linnaeus, 1758
Species
  • M. gallopavo
  • K. ocellata
  • †M. californica

Egg of wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) – MHNT

The turkey is a large bird in the genus Meleagris , native to North America. There are ii extant turkey species: the wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) of eastern and cardinal Due north America and the ocellated turkey (Meleagris ocellata) of the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico. Males of both turkey species take a distinctive fleshy wattle, called a snood, that hangs from the top of the neb. They are among the largest birds in their ranges. As with many large ground-feeding birds (order Galliformes), the male is bigger and much more colorful than the female.

The primeval turkeys evolved in North America over 20 million years agone and they share a contempo common ancestor with bickering, pheasants, and other fowl. The wild turkey species is the antecedent of the domestic turkey, which was domesticated approximately 2,000 years ago.

Taxonomy

The genus Meleagris was introduced in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae.[one] The genus name is from the Aboriginal Greek μελεαγρις, meleagris meaning "guineafowl".[2] The type species is the wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo).[3]

Turkeys are classed in the family Phasianidae (pheasants, partridges, francolins, junglefowl, grouse, and relatives thereof) in the taxonomic gild Galliformes.[4] The genus Meleagris is the simply extant genus in the tribe Meleagridini, formerly known as the family Meleagrididae or subfamily Meleagridinae, but now subsumed inside the subfamily Phasianinae.[5] [6] [7]

Extant species

The genus contains two species.[viii]

Image Scientific name Common proper noun Distribution
Wild turkey Point Pelee NP 2014.jpg Meleagris gallopavo Wild turkey and domestic turkey The forests of North America, from Mexico (where they were first domesticated in Mesoamerica)[9] throughout the midwestern and eastern United States and into southeastern Canada
Meleagris ocellata -Guatemala-8a.jpg Meleagris ocellata Ocellated turkey The forests of the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico[10]

Fossil species

  • Meleagris californica Californian turkey – Southern California
  • Meleagris crassipes Southwestern turkey - New United mexican states[11]

Names

According to linguist Mario Pei, there are two possible explanations for the name turkey.[12] One theory is that when Europeans first encountered turkeys in America, they incorrectly identified the birds as a blazon of guineafowl, which were already being imported into Europe past Turkey merchants via Constantinople and were therefore nicknamed Turkey coqs (Middle Eastern merchants were called Turkey merchants as much of that area was office of the Ottoman Empire at that time). The name of the North American bird thus became turkey fowl or Indian turkeys, which was and so shortened to but turkeys.[12] [xiii] [14]

A second theory arises from turkeys coming to England non directly from the Americas, but via merchant ships from the Middle East, where they were domesticated successfully. Again the importers lent the name to the bird; hence Turkey-cocks and Turkey-hens, and soon thereafter, turkeys.[12] [15]

In 1550, the English navigator William Strickland, who had introduced the turkey into England, was granted a coat of arms including a "turkey-cock in his pride proper".[16] William Shakespeare used the term in 12th Nighttime,[17] believed to be written in 1601 or 1602. The lack of context around his usage suggests that the term was already widespread.[ commendation needed ]

Other European names for turkeys comprise an causeless Indian origin, such as dinde ('from Bharat') in French, индюшка ( indyushka , 'bird of India') in Russian, indyk in Shine and Ukrainian, and hindi ('Indian') in Turkish. These are thought to ascend from the supposed conventionalities of Christopher Columbus that he had reached India rather than the Americas on his voyage.[12] In Portuguese a turkey is a republic of peru ; the name is thought to derive from the land Peru.[18]

Several other birds that are sometimes chosen turkeys are not particularly closely related: the brushturkeys are megapodes, and the bird sometimes known equally the "Australian turkey" is the Australian bustard (Ardeotis australis). The anhinga (Anhinga anhinga) is sometimes chosen the water turkey, from the shape of its tail when the feathers are fully spread for drying.[ commendation needed ]

An infant turkey is chosen a chick or poult.[ citation needed ]

History

Turkeys were domesticated in aboriginal Mexico for food and for their cultural and symbolic significance.[20] The Classical Nahuatl word for the turkey, wueh-xōlō-tl ( guajolote in Castilian), is still used in mod Mexico in addition to the general term pavo . Spanish chroniclers, including Bernal Díaz del Castillo and Father Bernardino de Sahagún, depict the multitude of food (both raw fruits and vegetables as well as prepared dishes) that were offered in the vast markets ( tianguis ) of Tenochtitlán, noting there were tamales fabricated of turkeys, iguanas, chocolate, vegetables, fruits and more.

Human conflicts with wild turkeys

Turkeys have been known to be aggressive toward humans and pets in residential areas.[21] Wild turkeys accept a social structure and pecking gild and habituated turkeys may respond to humans and animals equally they do to another turkey. Habituated turkeys may attempt to dominate or set on people that the birds view as subordinates.[22]

The town of Brookline, Massachusetts, recommends that citizens exist ambitious toward the turkeys, take a step toward them and non dorsum down. Brookline officials have also recommended "making racket (clanging pots or other objects together); popping open an umbrella; shouting and waving your arms; squirting them with a hose; allowing your leashed dog to bark at them; and forcefully fending them off with a broom."[23]

Fossil record

A number of turkeys have been described from fossils. The Meleagridinae are known from the Early Miocene (c. 23 mya) onwards, with the extinct genera Rhegminornis (Early Miocene of Bong, U.S.) and Proagriocharis (Kimball Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Lime Creek, U.Southward.). The former is probably a basal turkey, the other a more than gimmicky bird not very similar to known turkeys; both were much smaller birds. A turkey fossil not assignable to genus only similar to Meleagris is known from the Late Miocene of Westmoreland County, Virginia.[10] In the modern genus Meleagris, a considerable number of species have been described, as turkey fossils are robust and adequately oftentimes found, and turkeys show great variation among individuals. Many of these supposed fossilized species are now considered junior synonyms. Ane, the well-documented California turkey Meleagris californica,[24] became extinct recently enough to take been hunted by early human settlers.[25] It has been suggested that its demise was due to the combined pressures of human hunting and climate alter at the stop of the last glacial flow.[26]

The Oligocene fossil Meleagris antiquus was offset described by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1871. It has since been reassigned to the genus Paracrax, start interpreted every bit a cracid, then before long afterward as a bathornithid Cariamiformes.

Fossil species

  • Meleagris sp. (Early Pliocene of Bone Valley, U.Due south.)
  • Meleagris sp. (Late Pliocene of Macasphalt Shell Pit, U.Due south.)
  • Meleagris californica (Late Pleistocene of southwestern U.South.) – formerly Parapavo/Pavo
  • Meleagris crassipes (Late Pleistocene of southwestern North America)

Turkeys accept been considered by many authorities to be their own family—the Meleagrididae—but a recent genomic analysis of a retrotransposon marker groups turkeys in the family Phasianidae.[27] In 2010, a team of scientists published a draft sequence of the domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) genome.[28]

Anatomy

Anatomical structures on the head and throat of a domestic turkey. ane. caruncles, two. snood, 3. wattle (dewlap), iv. major caruncle, v. bristles

In anatomical terms, the snood is an erectile, fleshy protuberance on the brow of turkeys. Near of the time when the turkey is in a relaxed land, the snood is pale and 2–iii cm long. Even so, when the male begins strutting (the courtship display), the snood engorges with blood, becomes redder and elongates several centimetres, hanging well below the beak (see image).[29] [30]

Snoods are just i of the caruncles (minor, fleshy excrescences) that tin can be found on turkeys.[ citation needed ]

While fighting, commercial turkeys often peck and pull at the snood, causing damage and bleeding. This often leads to further injurious pecking by other turkeys and sometimes results in cannibalism. To prevent this, some farmers cut off the snood when the chick is immature, a process known as de-snooding.[ commendation needed ]

The snood can exist between 3 to 15 centimetres (1 to half-dozen in) in length depending on the turkey's sex, wellness, and mood.[31]

Function

The snood functions in both intersexual and intrasexual selection. Captive female wild turkeys prefer to mate with long-snooded males, and during dyadic interactions, male person turkeys defer to males with relatively longer snoods. These results were demonstrated using both live males and controlled artificial models of males. Data on the parasite burdens of complimentary-living wild turkeys revealed a negative correlation between snood length and infection with intestinal coccidia, deleterious protozoan parasites. This indicates that in the wild, the long-snooded males preferred past females and avoided by males seemed to be resistant to coccidial infection.[32]

Use by humans

The species Meleagris gallopavo is eaten past humans. They were first domesticated by the ethnic people of Mexico from at to the lowest degree 800 BC onwards. These domesticates were then either introduced into what is now the U.s. Southwest or independently domesticated a second fourth dimension past the ethnic people of that region past 200 BC, at first beingness used for their feathers, which were used in ceremonies and to make robes and blankets.[33] Turkeys were commencement eaten past Native Americans past almost AD 1100.[33] Compared to wild turkeys, domestic turkeys are selectively bred to grow larger in size for their meat.[34] [35] Americans often eat turkey on special occasions such equally at Thanksgiving or Christmas.[36] [37]

The Norfolk turkeys

In her memoirs, Lady Dorothy Nevill (1826–1913)[38] recalls that her great-grandfather Horatio Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford (1723–1809), imported a quantity of American turkeys[38] which were kept in the woods around Wolterton Hall and in all probability were the embryo flock for the popular Norfolk turkey breeds of today.[ citation needed ]

Gallery

  • A male wild turkey strutting

  • Chan Chich Order area, Belize: the ocellated turkey is named for the center-shaped spots (ocelli) on its tail feathers

References

  1. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 156. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
  2. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 248. ISBN978-1-4081-2501-iv.
  3. ^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1934). Check-Listing of Birds of the World. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Printing. p. 139. Archived from the original on 24 Baronial 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
  4. ^ Crowe, Timothy M.; Bloomer, Paulette; Randi, Ettore; Lucchini, Vittorio; Kimball, Rebecca T.; Braun, Edward Fifty. & Groth, Jeffrey Grand. (2006a): "Supra-generic cladistics of landfowl (Order Galliformes)". Acta Zoologica Sinica 52(Supplement): 358–361. PDF fulltext Archived 23 June 2010 at the Wayback Motorcar
  5. ^ Kimball, Rebecca T.; Hosner, Peter A.; Braun, Edward L. (ane May 2021). "A phylogenomic supermatrix of Galliformes (Landfowl) reveals biased branch lengths". Molecular Phylogenetics and Development. 158: 107091. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107091. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 33545275. S2CID 231963063. Archived from the original on fourteen July 2021. Retrieved i August 2021.
  6. ^ "Galliformes". bird-phylogeny (in German). Archived from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
  7. ^ "Taxonomic Updates – IOC Globe Bird List". Archived from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
  8. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Pheasants, partridges, francolins". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Archived from the original on five October 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
  9. ^ "Earliest use of Mexican turkeys past aboriginal Maya". ScienceDaily. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
  10. ^ a b Farner, Donald Stanley & King, James R. (1971). Avian biology. Boston: Academic Press. ISBN978-0-12-249408-vi.
  11. ^ Tyrberg, T. (2008). The Late Pleistocene continental avian extinction—An evaluation of the fossil evidence. Oryctos, vii, 249-269.
  12. ^ a b c d Krulwich, Robert (27 Nov 2008). "Why A Turkey Is Called A Turkey". NPR. Archived from the original on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
  13. ^ Webster's 2 New College Dictionary Archived 17 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt 2005, ISBN 978-0-618-39601-6, p. 1217
  14. ^ Smith, Andrew F. (2006) The Turkey: An American Story Archived 15 July 2020 at the Wayback Automobile. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-03163-2. p. 17
  15. ^ "The flight of the turkey". The Economist. 20 December 2014. Archived from the original on 21 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
  16. ^ Boehrer, Bruce Thomas (2011). Creature characters: nonhuman beings in early modern literature Archived 15 Baronial 2021 at the Wayback Machine. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 141. ISBN 0812201361.
  17. ^ Twelfth Night: Act 2, Scene five Archived 26 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine No Fear Shakespeare
  18. ^ Dicionário Priberam da Lingua Portuguesa, "peru".
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  20. ^ Nield, David. "Report Shows That Humans Domesticated Turkeys For Worshipping, Non Eating". sciencealert.com. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 21 Jan 2018.
  21. ^ Annear, Steve (24 April 2017). "MassWildlife warns of turkey encounters". The Boston Earth. Archived from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  22. ^ "Preventing Conflicts with Wild Turkeys". Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Archived from the original on 5 September 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  23. ^ Sweeney, Emily (25 Baronial 2017). "Don't let aggressive turkeys bully you, Brookline advises residents". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 28 September 2017. Retrieved 25 Baronial 2017.
  24. ^ Formerly Parapavo californica and initially described as Pavo californica or "California peacock"
  25. ^ Broughton, Jack (1999). Resource low and intensification during the late Holocene, San Francisco Bay: prove from the Emeryville Shellmound vertebrate fauna . Berkeley: University of California Printing. ISBN978-0-520-09828-ii. ; lay summary Archived 24 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  26. ^ Bochenski, Z. Thou., and Chiliad. Eastward. Campbell, Jr. (2006). The extinct California Turkey, Meleagris californica, from Rancho La Brea: Comparative osteology and systematics Archived 12 April 2019 at the Wayback Motorcar. Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Number 509.
  27. ^ January, K.; Andreas, M.; Gennady, C.; Andrej, K.; Gerald, M.; Jürgen, B.; Jürgen, S. (2007). "Waves of genomic hitchhikers shed lite on the development of gamebirds (Aves: Galliformes)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. vii: 190. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-190. PMC2169234. PMID 17925025. Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved xv Feb 2008.
  28. ^ Dalloul, R. A.; Long, J. A.; Zimin, A. 5.; Aslam, Fifty.; Beal, Thousand.; Blomberg Le, 50.; Bouffard, P.; Burt, D. W.; Crasta, O.; Crooijmans, R. P.; Cooper, Thou.; Coulombe, R. A.; De, Southward.; Delany, M. E.; Dodgson, J. B.; Dong, J. J.; Evans, C.; Frederickson, K. Grand.; Flicek, P.; Florea, L.; Folkerts, O.; Groenen, Thou. A.; Harkins, T. T.; Herrero, J.; Hoffmann, S.; Megens, H. J.; Jiang, A.; De Jong, P.; Kaiser, P.; Kim, H. (2010). Roberts, Richard J (ed.). "Multi-Platform Side by side-Generation Sequencing of the Domestic Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo): Genome Assembly and Analysis". PLOS Biology. 8 (nine): e1000475. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000475. PMC2935454. PMID 20838655.
  29. ^ ENature.com (2010). "Snoods and wattles? A turkey's story". Archived from the original on three December 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
  30. ^ Graves, R.A. (2005). "Know your turkey parts". Archived from the original on 23 Nov 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
  31. ^ Melissa Mayntz (28 August 2019). "The Turkey'due south Snood". Archived from the original on 25 December 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  32. ^ Buchholz, R. "Mate choice research". Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
  33. ^ a b "Native Americans Offset Tamed Turkeys ii,000 Years Ago". Seeker (Discovery News). Archived from the original on nine October 2019. Retrieved 23 Nov 2017.
  34. ^ "Amazing Facts About Turkey". OneKind. Archived from the original on 21 November 2016. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
  35. ^ "My Life as a Turkey – Domesticated versus Wild Graphic". PBS. 14 Nov 2011. Archived from the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
  36. ^ "Why practice we swallow turkey for Thanksgiving and Christmas?". Slate. 25 November 2009. Archived from the original on 7 Oct 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
  37. ^ "Why Do We Swallow Turkey on Thanksgiving?". Wonderopolis. Archived from the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
  38. ^ a b Nevill, Lady Dorothy (1894). Mannington and the Walpoles, Earls of Orford. With ten illustrations of Mannington Hall, Norfolk (PDF). London: Fine Fine art Society. p. 22. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019.

External links

  • Meleagris at Curlie
  • View the melGal1 genome assembly in the UCSC Genome Browser.

parkercolowerve94.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_(bird)

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